Schurman L, McCarthy AD, Sedlinsky C, et al
Pre-clinical research conducted primarily in animal models informs the hypotheses for its use, but no large randomized controlled trials in humans have confirmed efficacy for any outcome - including gut-lining support, tissue-related processes, or any other claimed mechanism
This means clinical studies have shown the procedure works, and is safe
Only if you plan to use the entire vial in a single session
They are particularly beneficial for vegetarians and vegans (since B12 is found primarily in animal products), older adults with reduced absorption capacity, individuals with digestive conditions such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease, and anyone who has had gastric bypass surgery