TRZ was approved in 2022 for the treatment of T2D and obesity, mainly in patients with cardio-metabolic disorders (Boutari et al
Use cautiously in patients with hyperthyroidism, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias Side Effects: Transient and minor side effects of: Anxiety Tachycardia Headache Fear and palpitations occur with systemic therapeutic doses Adverse effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and excessive rise in blood pressure may also occur with therapeutic doses or inadvertent overdosage Side effects are more likely to be observed in hyperthyroid individuals Pharmacokinetics: Route of administration depends on the indication for its use : i.v., s.c., i.m., intranasal, via an endotracheal tube, or direct injection into the left ventricle
Reprod Biol Endocrinol 23 , 116 (2025)
Cell-based assays have been used to study GHK-Cu's relationship with VEGF and related angiogenic factors, exploring the compound's role in vascular biology research models
More recently, encouraging clinical results from a triple-hormone-receptor agonist, Retatrutide, and several GLP-1R/GCGR dual agonists, suggest that GCGR could be a promising co-stimulating target for type 2 diabetes and obesity
